Common Dog Diseases-Cancer

发现你爱的人患有癌症是非常可怕和令人困惑的事情。当你爱的狗患有癌症时，请千万记住不同的兽医对治疗癌症的最佳方案可能有不同的看法。寻求第二个肿瘤学兽医的意见是非常重要，并仔细考虑所有的方案。
Finding out that a loved one has cancer can be very scary and confusing. When that loved one is your dog, it’s important to keep in mind that different veterinarians might have different views on the best way to treat the disease. It’s always a good idea to seek out a second opinion, perhaps from a veterinary oncologist, and carefully review your options.

癌症这一类疾病是由于细胞不受控制地生长，侵入周围组织并可能扩散到身体的其他部位。和人一样，狗也会得各种各样的癌症。该疾病可以限于局部（局限于一个区域，如肿瘤）或全身（遍及全身）。
Cancer is a class of diseases in which cells grow uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissue and may spread to other areas of the body. As with people, dogs can get various kinds of cancer. The disease can be localized (confined to one area, like a tumor) or generalized (spread throughout the body).

癌症原因
Causes of Cancer

癌症是一种“多因素”疾病，这意味着它没有已知的单一原因。 然而，我们知道遗传和环境因素都会导致狗患上癌症。
Cancer is a “multifactorial” disease, which means it has no known single cause. However, we do know that both hereditary and environmental factors can contribute to the development of cancer in dogs.

癌症症状
Cancer Symptoms

狗的癌症症状可能包括：
Symptoms of cancer in dogs may include:

• 肿块Lumps
• 肿胀Swelling
• 持续的疮Persistent sores
• 身体任何部位出现异常Abnormal discharge from any part of the body
• 口臭Bad breath
• 精神萎靡/嗜睡Listlessness/lethargy
• 快速不明原因的体重降低Rapid, often unexplained weight loss
• 突然跛脚Sudden lameness
• 拉黑便Black, tarry stools
• 食欲减退或丧失Decreased or loss of appetite
• 呼吸、排尿或排便困难Difficulty breathing, urinating or defecating
• 诊断狗的癌症Diagnosing Cancer in Dogs

如果出现肿块，第一步通常是针刺活检，其采集非常小的组织样本在显微镜下检查细胞。或者，可以进行手术去除已诊断出的全部或部分肿块。
If a lump is present, the first step is typically a needle biopsy, which removes a very small tissue sample for microscopic examination of cells. Alternately, surgery may be performed to remove all or part of the lump for diagnosis by a pathologist.

射线照相（X射线）、超声、血液评估和其他诊断测试也可有助于确诊癌症或判断是否已经扩散。
Radiographs (xrays), ultrasound, blood evaluation and other diagnostic tests may also be helpful in determining if cancer is present or if it has spread.

更容易患癌症的狗
Dogs More Prone to Cancer

虽然所有年龄和品种的狗都可能诊断出癌症，但在老年犬中更常见。
Though cancer can be diagnosed in dogs of all ages and breeds, it is much more common in older dogs.

特定品种狗易患上某些特定的癌症。拳师犬、波士顿梗犬和金毛猎犬最容易患上肥大细胞肿瘤或淋巴瘤，而像大丹狗和圣伯纳德狗这样的大型和巨型品种比小型的品种更可能患有骨癌。
Certain breeds are prone to specific cancers. Boxers, Boston terriers and Golden Retrievers are among the breeds that most commonly develop mast cell tumors or lymphoma, while large and giant breeds like Great Danes and Saint Bernards are much more likely to suffer from bone cancer than smaller breeds.

癌症预防
Cancer Prevention

在你狗还很年轻的时候就注意癌症的预防与保养，可以大大减少他们患上某些类型癌症的机会。
Having your dog altered at a young age can dramatically reduce their chance of getting certain types of cancer.

乳房癌几乎完全可以在她的第一次热循环之前结扎而完全杜绝，而一只绝育的雄性狗也没有机会患上睾丸癌。
Breast cancer can be avoided almost completely by having your dog spayed before her first heat cycle, while a neutered male dog has zero chance of developing testicular cancer.

癌症治疗
Cancer Treatments

由于癌症的类型和阶段的不同，治疗方案也有所不同。
Treatment options vary and depend on the type and stage of cancer.

常见的治疗方法包括手术、化疗、放射和免疫治疗或以上方法组合。治疗的成功率取决于癌症的类型和发展程度以及治疗的抗性。 当然，癌症最好是在早期发现。
Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and immunotherapy or a combination of therapies. Success of treatment depends on the type and extent of the cancer and the aggressiveness of the therapy. Of course, early detection is best.

一些狗主人选择不治疗癌症，在这种情况下，应考虑临终关怀，包括疼痛的缓解。无论您在宠物确诊癌症后如何打算，在做出未来决定时，请考虑一下他的生活质量。
Some dog owners opt for no treatment of the cancer, in which case palliative end of life care, including pain relief, should be considered. Regardless of how you proceed after a diagnosis of cancer in your pet, it is very important to consider his quality of life when making future decisions.

一些癌症可以治愈，而另一些则不能治愈。请注意，如果您的狗患有不可治愈的癌症，您仍然可以做很多事情，使他感觉更好。尽管与你的兽医谈谈你的想法， 并记住良好的营养和护理可以大大提高狗的生活质量。
Some cancers can be cured, while others cannot. Please note that if your dog’s cancer is not curable, there are still many things you can do to make your pet feel better. Don’t hesitate to talk to your vet about your options. And remember good nutrition and loving care can greatly enhance your dog’s quality of life.